TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1: Executive Summary
Section 2: Introduction
Section 3: Comparison of Key Studies
Chemistry Studies: Seawater Oil Contamination
Summary Comparison of Studies
Sources of Discrepancy in Study Findings
Different Allocation of Study Findings
Different Seawater Sampling Methods
Sampling Effort at Stations & Times Not Reported
Chemical Analyses (Raw Data) Not Reported
No Statistical Analysis Provided
Extreme Pooling of Stations
Temporal Variation of Reported Results Implausible
Misrepresentation of Study Findings
Chemistry Studies: Sediment Oil Contamination
Summary Comparison of Studies
Sources of Discrepancy in Study Findings
Different Sample Designs
Different Criteria for Identifying Exxon Valdez Oil
Pseudoreplication & Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Misrepresentation of Study Findings
Chemistry Studies: Mussel Tissue Oil-Contamination
Natural Resource Studies: Beach & Nearshore Communities
Summary Comparison of Studies
Sources of Discrepancy in Study Findings
Differences in Study Designs
Differences in Definition of Oil Exposure
Choice of Reference Sites
Small Sample Size Relative to Patchiness
Pooling of Species
Pseudoreplication & Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Invalid Use of Analysis of Covariance
Selective Reporting of Data & Results
Effects of Cleanup Not Separated
Misrepresentation of Study Findings
Natural Resource Studies: Pacific Herring
Summary Comparison of Studies
Sources of Discrepancy in Study Findings
Differences in Definition of Oil Exposure
Differences in Timing of Study Initiation
Differences in Year Classes Studied
Pooling of Sites
Selective Reporting of Data
Poor Presentation of Summary Statistics
Misrepresentation of Data
Misrepresentation of Study Findings
Misrepresentation of Other Studies
Natural Resource Studies: Pink Salmon
Summary Comparison of Studies
Sources of Discrepancy in Study Findings
Egg Mortality in Field
Differences in Study Design
Misrepresentation of Study Findings
Egg Mortality in Laboratory
Differences in Study Timing
Differences in Study Design
Pseudoreplication & Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Misrepresentation of Study Results
Misrepresentation of Study Findings
Pre-emergent Fry Development
Differences in Study Design
Misrepresentation of Study Results
Misrepresentation of Study Findings
Emergence Timing
Juvenile Growth
Differences in Study Design
Misrepresentation of Study Findings
Adult Escapement
Differences in Study Design
Misrepresentation of Study Findings
Natural Resource Studies: Murres, Harlequin Ducks & Other Bird Surveys
Summary Comparison of Studies
Sources of Discrepancy in Study Findings
Differences in Study Design
Different Timing of Study Initiation
Survey Methods
Emphasis on Statistical Uncertainty
Misrepresentation of Study Findings
Multispecies Studies
Carcass Counts
Harlequin Ducks
Section 4: Five-Year Status of Recovery in Prince William Sound
Status of Natural Resources
Status of Human Resources
Social & Psychological Injuries
The Social Fabric: Natural Resource Communities
Rending the Social Fabric: Technological Disasters in Natural Resource Communities
The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill & Alaskan Communities
Economic Damages
Native & Landowner Claims
Commercial Fishermen Claims
Criminal Plea Agreement
Civil Settlements for Natural Resource Damages
Cleanup & Response Costs
Physical Health Injuries & Claims
Section 5: Rethinking the Future--Implications of Damages
Domestic Oil Lease Sale Programs
Oil-Related Laws & Policies
The Next Spill--Science & Cleanup
Section 6: Summary & Conclusions
Appendix A: Descriptions of Injury to & Recovery of Natural Resources